Co-extinctions: When a species becomes extinct, the plant and animal species associated with it in an obligatory way also become extinct. When a host fish species becomes extinct, its unique assemblage of parasites also meets the same fate. Another example is the case of a coevolved plant-pollinator mutualism where extinction of one invariably leads to the extinction of the other.
Assertion (A): Species extinctions can have cascading effects on other species. Reason (R): When a species becomes extinct, plant and animal species associated with it in an obligatory way also become extinct.
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