Heart Failure and Cardiac Dysfunction — NEET Biology

Correct answer: B — S1, S3 and S4

The core concept here involves distinguishing various circulatory disorders as described in NCERT. S1: Heart failure means the state of heart when it is not pumping blood effectively enough to meet the needs of the body. This statement is correct, as per NCERT (Page 203, 'Heart Failure' paragraph). S2: Cardiac arrest and heart attack are synonymous terms, both implying a sudden cessation of heart beating. This statement is incorrect. NCERT clearly states, 'Heart failure is not the same as cardiac arrest (when the heart stops beating) or a heart attack (when the heart muscle is suddenly damaged by an inadequate blood supply).' These are distinct conditions. S3: Angina pectoris is characterized by acute chest pain that appears when insufficient oxygen is reaching the heart muscle. This statement is correct, as per NCERT (Page 203, 'Angina' paragraph). S4: Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), also known as atherosclerosis, is caused by narrowing of the arterial lumen due to deposits of calcium, fat, and fibrous tissues. This statement is correct, as per NCERT (Page 203, 'Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)' paragraph). S5: Hypertension is diagnosed when repeated checks of an individual's blood pressure show readings of 120/80 mm Hg or above. This statement is incorrect. NCERT defines hypertension as '140/90 (140 over 90) or higher' (Page 202, 'High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)' paragraph). 120/80 is considered normal blood pressure. Therefore, statements S1, S3, and S4 are correct.